1 Which of the Following Nurses Believe That Nursing Is an Art and Science?

Nursing Theory and Enquiry

Function of Nursing Theory and Research in Nursing Do

The development of nursing theory and nursing research [i]are closely aligned; both are part of the move toward professional person practice. Both have the same goal: to improve the quality of nursing care the customer receives.[ii] Alligood states "Although some nursing leaders aspired for nursing to be recognized every bit a profession and become an academic discipline, nursing exercise connected to reflect its vocational heritage more than a professional person vision. The transition from vocation to profession included successive eras of history equally nurses began to develop a body of specialized noesis on which to base nursing practice. Nursing had begun with a strong emphasis on practice, and nurses worked throughout the century toward the development of nursing as a profession."[ii]

[i] Fitzpatrick 1000. Louise.1983. Prologue to Professionalism. .Brady Advice Visitor, Inc. p..85

[ii] Alligood, Grand.T. 2014.Nursing Theory: Utilization & Application. Mosby-Elsevier. P.3.

Nursing Research

Enquiry has been described as a scientific method of collecting and interpreting information to proceeds new knowledge.[iii]

Historically, nursing knowledge was acquired in 3 ways: tradition, dominance and trial and mistake.[i] Nursing care was based on tradition and 'handed downwardly from experienced nurse- authority - to students or new nurses – "we've ever done (procedure or chore) this way at this hospital". Or, a nurse, confronted with a 'new' problem, solves it by trial and error which is counter to providing effective, safe patient care. Fitzgerald points out that if nursing is considered to be a profession, nursing deportment must exist chosen on a scientific footing. Mary Marvin explored this subject in the May, 1927 result of the American Periodical of Nursing commodity "Research in Nursing: Experimentation in Improving the Nursing Intendance of the Patient." In her article Marvin provided numerous examples of mutual procedures that demand written report and provides pertinent questions that need to be asked.

Ane of the most important goals of the nursing profession is the production of a research-based torso of literature.[ii]. While historically the occupation of nursing is considered to exist "most as onetime as humanity", nursing literature is relatively new. In the beginning, nursing was based folklore, trial and fault and 'common sense passed on from one generation to some other. In the late nineteenth century, when Nightingale model nurse training schools began the hospital diploma schools expected students to acquire by 'doing. Students were often required to either memorize procedures or write these downwardly in 'students notebooks which were checked by instructors.

Textbooks were gradually introduced into nursing didactics. Isabel Hampton Robb, 1892 graduate of Bellevue Infirmary School of Nursing and the outset superintendent at Johns Hopkins, 1889-1894: was an early on contributor to nursing literature. She was one of the founders of the American Journal of Nursing and wrote several books for students, instructors and practitioners including:

· Nursing: Its Principles and Practices (1894)
· Nursing Ethics (1900)

· Educational Standards for Nurses (1907)

Nursing Theory

Nursing Theory provides a systematic approach to practicing nursing as it describes the characteristics of the relationship between the nurse and a client. This relationship determines the nurse'south actions in al nurse-customer situations.(Fitzpatrick, p.89) Theory assists in:

· Identification of recipients of nursing care and the settings and situations in which practice should occur
· Defining what information to collect, nomenclature of date
· Identification of actual and potential bug to be considered
· Understanding, analyzing and interpreting wellness situations
· Describes, explains and sometimes predicts client's responses
· Clarification of objectives and establishes expected outcomes
· Determination of actions of interventions to be provided
· Determination of standards for practice
· Identification of areas for research[i]

Alejandro believes "In today's healthcare landscape, a demand for excellence influences Magnet® recognized hospitals to use nursing theories to achieve positive patient outcomes.2 There'southward a place for nursing theories in daily practice, whether at the patient's bedside or in community wellness nursing. Nurses should revisit the nursing theories they learned most in school and utilise them to patient intendance." [four]

In Rochester, NY Highland Hospital's Department of Nursing, nursing practice is guided by Dr. Jean Watson's Human Caring Theory evidenced through Patient-Centered Care and Patricia Benner'south Model of Novice to Expert. To read more than become to https://www.urmc.rochester.edu/highland/departments-centers/nursing/nursing-philosophy/model-of-care.aspx
[i] McEwen, Melanie and Evelyn Wills, 2014, Theoretical Ground For Nursing, 4th Edition. Wolters Kluwer Wellness/ Lippincott Williams and Wilkins.

[i] Ibid

[ii] Sarkis, Jeanne M. and Veronica Conners, 1986.Nursing Research: Historical Background and Pedagogy Information Strategies, Bull. Med. Libr. Assoc. 74(2) . April 1986. P.121.

[i] http://www.nursing-theory.org/

[two] Fitzpatrick Yard. Louise.1983. Prologue to Professionalism. .Brady Communication Company, Inc. p..85

[three] Ibid p.85

[iv] [iii] Alejandro, Josefina I., DNP, RN 2017. Lessons learned through nursing theory. Nursing2018: February 2017 - Volume 47 - Effect ii - p 41–42. doi: 10.1097/01.NURSE.0000511808.68087.e3

Early Nursing Theorists

Florence Nightingale

Florence Nightingale, built-in into Victorian English social club, was an affluent young woman educated in Latin, mathematics, philosophy, faith, and modern languages. She is famous for her role n the Crimean War, on her return to England she decided to use her resource to reform nursing.

She is considered to exist the first nursing theorist. One of her theories was the Environmental Theory, which incorporated the restoration of the usual health status of the nurse's clients into the delivery of healthcare—it is withal practiced today. In her preface to "Notes on Nursing: what it is and what it is non" she wrote:

"Every day sanitary knowledge, or the knowledge of nursing, or in other words, of how to put the constitution in such a state every bit that information technology will have no illness, or that information technology can recover from disease, takes a higher place. It is recognized as the knowledge which everyone ought to take -- distinct from medical knowledge, which only a profession can accept."[i]

Nightingale stated in her nursing notes that nursing "is an act of utilizing the environment of the patient to help him in his recovery" (Nightingale 1860/1969),[iii] that it involves the nurse'southward initiative to configure ecology settings appropriate for the gradual restoration of the patient'south health, and that external factors associated with the patient'due south environs affect life or biologic and physiologic processes, and his development.

Environmental factors affecting health

· Pure fresh air- "to proceed the air he breathes every bit pure as the external air without spooky him/her."
· Pure h2o- "well water of a very impure kind is used for domestic purposes. And when epidemic affliction shows itself, persons using such water are nigh sure to endure."
· Effective drainage- "all the while the sewer maybe goose egg merely a laboratory from which epidemic affliction and ill health is being installed into the business firm."
· Cleanliness- "the greater part of nursing consists in preserving cleanliness."
· Light (especially direct sunlight)- "the usefulness of calorie-free in treating illness is very of import."

Any deficiency in one or more than of these factors could lead to impaired functioning of life processes or diminished health status. The factors posed great significance during Nightingale's time, when wellness institutions had poor sanitation, and health workers had fiddling pedagogy and grooming and were frequently incompetent and unreliable in attending to the needs of the patients. Also emphasized in her ecology theory is the provision of a tranquillity or noise-gratuitous and warm environment, attending to patient'south dietary needs past assessment, documentation of time of food intake, and evaluating its effects on the patient.

Florence Nightingale recognized the necessity for collecting scientific data. Her conscientious documentation and logical planning during the Crimean War have been credited with reducing the death rate of wounded soldiers from 427 per i,000 to 22 per 1,000 in a six-month period. Because of her abilities with statistics, she has been chosen the "Lady with the Slide Rule".[2]

[i] Nightingale, Florence.1860/1969. Notes on Nursing, what it is and what it is not. Preface, p.3 Dover Publications
[ii] Sarkis, op.cit.

The Little Volume That Changed Nursing and the Nurse That Wrote It

Florence Nightingale's life and experiences led her to write " Notes on Nursing what it is and what it is not" the book that changed nursing practise and the public's view of nurses and nursing.

Notes on Nursing: what it is and what it is not, the slim book written i hundred and sixty years agone by Florence Nightingale, divers nursing and changed the epitome of nursing from Dickens' Sairey Gamp to that of professional image of today's nurses . To learn more than click on the button below to larn more….

Virginia Avenel Henderson

Nurse Theorist, Teacher, Researcher and Author.

Virginia Avenel Henderson was born in Kansas City, Missouri, in 1897. With two of her brothers serving in the armed services World War I she enrolled in the Regular army School of Nursing at Walter Reed Army Infirmary and graduated in 1921.

As Reverby points out, "the model for the trained nurse stressed discipline, cocky-sacrifice and order."[1][i]Regimentation of patient intendance was common in the hospitals of that time and not unexpected in a military infirmary. Students were treated like cadets in the U. S. Military University. Courses were taken at Teacher's College, Columbia University nether the direction of her mentor, Miss Annie Goodrich.[i] Henderson described her introduction to nursing equally a "series of almost unrelated procedures, start with an unoccupied bed and progressing to aspiration of body cavities" [ii] (Henderson, 1991,p. 9). Faced with this state of affairs, Virginia Henderson began to question both the Regimentation of patient care and the concept besides very prevalent, of nursing equally ancillary to medicine. She earned her BS in 1931 and a Master's degree in 1934 from Teachers Higher, Columbia University,

Nurses practicing in the early twentieth century tended to be task oriented and, while they provided care for patients, few considered nursing'southward unique role in wellness care. Henderson wrote about nursing the way she lived it: focusing on what nurses do, how nurses office, and on nursing'south unique office in health care.[i]

She began her career as a nurse educator in 1924 at the Norfolk Protestant Hospital in Virginia where she was the first and only teacher in the school of nursing. After five years there she returned to New York to begin formal degree studies in nursing at Teacher'due south College.[i]

Henderson believed that the nurse has the responsibility to assess the needs of the individual patient, help individuals meet their health needs, and/or provide an environment in which the individual can perform activities unaided. In the her 1966 publication, The Nature of Nursing, Henderson stated: "It is my contention that the nurse is, and should be legally, an contained practitioner and able to make contained judgments as long as he, or she, is non diagnosing, prescribing handling for illness, or making a prognosis, for these are the physician's functions" (Henderson, 1966, p. 22). [ii]

Henderson's Concept of Nursing:

"The unique function of the nurse is to assist the individual, sick, or well, in the performance of those activities contributing to wellness or its recovery (or to a peaceful death) that he would perform unaided if he had the necessary strength, will, or knowledge".[i]

Caring Theories

Jean Watson: PhD, RN, AHN-BC, FAAN, (LL -AAN)

Theory of Caring

Jean Watson'due south theory of human caring focuses on the role of caring in a nurse- patient relationship. Dr. Watson founded and serves as director of the nonprofit Watson Caring Science Institute, dedicated to furthering the piece of work of caring, science, and heart-centered Caritas Nursing, restoring caring and honey for nurses' and health care clinicians' healing practices for self and others .[i]

Quoting from Jean Watson's website - Watson Caring Science Establish,

"Caring Science encompasses a humanitarian, human being scientific discipline orientation to human being caring processes, phenomena and experiences. Caring Science includes arts and humanities also as science. A Caring Scientific discipline perspective is grounded in a relational ontology of being-in-relation, and a world view of unity and connectedness of All….The caring model or theory tin can also be considered a philosophical and moral/ethical foundation for professional nursing and part of the central focus for nursing at the disciplinary level. A model of caring includes a telephone call for both art and science; information technology offers a framework that embraces and intersects with art, scientific discipline, humanities, spirituality, and new dimensions of mindbodyspirit medicine and nursing evolving openly as central to man phenomena of nursing practice. I emphasize that it is possible to read, study, larn about, even teach and Theory Overview in Dr. Watson'due south words:

"The Theory of Human being Caring was developed between 1975 and 1979 while I was instruction at the University of Colorado. It emerged from my ain views of nursing, combined and informed by my doctoral studies in educational, clinical, and social psychology. It was my initial endeavor to bring significant and focus to nursing as an emerging subject and distinct health profession that had its own unique values, cognition, and practices, and its own ethic and mission to society." [i]

The American Periodical of Nursing chose Jean Watson's Caring Science equally Sacred Scientific discipline equally book of the Year2004/5 . Caring Scientific discipline equally Sacred Scientific discipline makes a case for a deep moral–ethical, spirit-filled foundation for caring science and healing that is based on infinite dearest and an expanding cosmology. This view in turn elicits the finest of nursing as the fine art, science, and spiritual practice[ii] information technology is meant to exist because it reflects the highest ethical ideal form of compassionate service to society and humanity.

The Cadre Principles/Practices: Evolving From Carative to Caritas:

Practice of loving-kindness and equanimity
Authentic presence: enabling deep conventionalities of other (patient, colleague, family, etc.)
Cultivation of ane's own spiritual practice toward wholeness of mind/body/spirit—beyond ego
"Being" the caring-healing environment
Allowing miracles (openness to the unexpected and inexplicable life events)[i]

Watson stresses regarding the caring theory; however, to truly "become it," one has to personally experience it; thus the model is both an invitation and an opportunity to interact with the ideas, experiment with and abound within the philosophy, and living it out in one's personal/professional life."[i]

For complete information about Jean Watson and the Theory of Caring visit her website at https://www.watsoncaringscience.org/jean-bio/caring-science-theory/

[i] Downloaded from Jean Watson'due south website - https://www.watsoncaringscience.org/jean-bio/caring-science-theory/

[i] Watson, Jean and Woodward, T.K. 2010 Chapter 20. Jean Watson'south Theory of Caring in Parker, Marilyn & Smith, Marianne, Nursing Theories and Nursing Practice. tertiary. Ed. F.A. Davis, Philadelphia, PA. p. 351

[i] Watson, Jean and Woodward, T.K. op.cit. . p. 352

[i] [i] https://world wide web.watsoncaringscience.org/jean-bio/caring-science-theory/

[i] Downloaded from Jean Watson'due south website - https://www.watsoncaringscience.org/jean-bio/caring-science-theory/

[ii] Author'due south note : This is non a new concept - my basic nursing program was a infirmary based, diploma program in the late 1960'south. The fundamentals of nursing form introduced Alice Cost's concept of the art, science and spirit of nursing.[2] Cost defined nursing as an art which referred to the skilled techniques that nursing must larn in order to requite individual intendance to patients. Nursing is a science "in that the underlying principles of nursing lie in the cognition of the biological sciences Nursing is possessed of a spiritual quality in that its primary aim is to serve humanity. As a new nurse I embraced this philosophy every bit my guide in my practice – caring based on scientific principles which, I believe includes the social sciences. . Source: Cost, Alice, 1954. The Art, Science and Spirit of Nursing. West.B. Saunders.

Examples of Watson's Theory in Practice

UR -Highland Hospital –Rochester NY

Caring ... The Foundation of Highland Nursing

Highland Hospital's Department of Nursing, our nursing practice is guided by Dr. Jean Watson's Human Caring Theory evidenced through Patient-Centered Intendance and Patricia Benner's Model of Novice to Adept.

Nursing theory is the term given to the body of cognition that is used to back up nursing do. Nursing models are constructed of theories and concepts. They are used to help nurses assess, plan and implement patient intendance by providing a framework within which to piece of work. Nursing models also aid nurses achieve uniformity and seamless care.

Using Nursing Theory in Our Everyday Care

Nursing theory strengthens our practice by providing construction and a common linguistic communication. The Human Caring Theory allows united states of america to proclaim our beliefs, values and the very essence of why we became nurses. Our deep roots in caring set up Highland nurses autonomously.

· Caring is based on continuous healing relationships

· Patients are the source and center of care

· Care is customized and reflects values and needs of patients

· Families are an integral role of the care team

· All team members are caregivers

· Caring is provided in an environs of comfort and support

· Transparency is the dominion in patient intendance

· Safety is a visible care priority

· Caregivers focus on the best interest and goals of the patient

For additional information regarding Highland Hospita Nursing Philosophy visit

[1] https://www.urmc.rochester.edu/highland/departments-centers/nursing/nursing-philosophy.aspx

Dorothea Orem: Self Care Deficit Theory

Dorothea E. Orem (1914–2007 — **Dorothea Eastward. Orem (1914–2007**

Dorothea East. Orem (1914–2007

Dorothea Orem graduated in 1934 from the Providence Hospital School of Nursing in Washington, DC, a diploma school run by the Daughters of Charity. She earned a BSN Ed (1939) from the Cosmic University of America; she held faculty positions at that institution and later at Provident Hospital School of Nursing, Detroit. With completion of the MSN Ed at Catholic Academy (1946), Orem became Director of Nursing Service and Education at Provident in Detroit.

Orem'due south major assumptions are:
• People should be cocky-reliant and responsible for their own care
• People are distinct individuals
• Nursing is a form a action – interaction between two or more than persons
• A person'due south knowledge of potential wellness problems fr promoting cocky-care behaviors

Orem'south general theory of nursing is correctly referred to every bit Self-Intendance Deficit Nursing Theory (SCDNT). The Self-Care Deficit Nursing Theory consists of 3 pocket-size interrelated theories: the theory of cocky-care, theory of self-intendance deficit, and theory of nursing systems.
Commencement, the theory of self-care is the performance or exercise of activities that individuals initiate and perform on their ain behalf to maintain life, health, and well being.

Terminology:
● Cocky-care — the acts individuals perform to maintain their well-beingness, such as showering, eating, moving, etc.
● Self-care agency — the ability for individuals to practise cocky-care, which can be affected by their environment or health considerations
● Self-care demand — the actions performed to meet the specific deficits identified in the patient

Orem's self care deficit theory aids nurses in determining what aspects of patient care nurses should focus on in a given state of affairs while stressing the importance to patients themselves of maintaining autonomy over their cocky-care processes. Orem'due south self-intendance deficit theory suggests patients are ameliorate able to recover when they maintain some independence over their own self-care.
The 2d part of the theory, self-care deficit, specifies when nursing is needed. According to Orem, nursing is required when an adult is incapable or limited in the provision of continuous, constructive self-care. For instance, Cocky intendance arrears arises when a patient has difficulty with activities of daily living (ADL) such as:
● Inability to maintain proper hygiene
● Inability to dress oneself
● Disability to feed oneself
● Mobility issues
● Issues with using the toilet
When nurses find that patients are showing signs of self-care deficit, they look for ways to help them while allowing for private autonomy. Inability to perform an activeness, that a person had been previously able to do often leads to feet, frustration and low which require nursing intervention.

The third theory of nursing organization systems describes how the patient'south cocky-intendance needs will be met past the nurse, the patient, or by both. Orem identifies 3 classifications of nursing system to see the self-intendance requisites of the patient: wholly compensatory system, partly compensatory organization, and supportive-educative system.
5 helping mechanism nurses utilize throughout the process of nursing to overcome self-care limitations.

• Acting for or doing for another
• Guiding another
• Supporting another
• Providing for a developmental environment
• Educational activity another

The post-obit quote is an excerpt from Jacqueline Fawcett'southward, interview of Dorothea Orem :On the Self-Intendance Deficit Theory of Nursing:

"F: Practise y'all call up that the development of the self-care deficit theory of nursing has helped to avoid total chaos in the field of study?

DEO: I wouldn't say that, but I would say that the self-care arrears theory of nursing has contributed to the existence of a group of nurses who see nursing every bit a practical science. The development of the theory, particularly the articulation of the conceptual elements and the noun construction of the main concepts, has resulted in the conception of theoretical, or speculatively practical knowledge. That speculatively practical knowledge has, I think, brought unity and significant to the universe of nursing and the domain of action of nursing. We now have a clearer view of the field. And I have been able to formalize what I run across as the nursing practice sciences and the foundational nursing sciences. "

Dorothea Orem helped publish the "Guidelines for Developing Curricula for the Didactics of Practical Nurses" in 1959. In 1971 Orem published Nursing: Concepts of Practice, the work in which she outlines her theory of nursing, the Self-care Deficit Theory of Nursing. The success of this work and the theory it presents established Orem as a leading theorist of nursing practice and pedagogy.

Author's note: I recall when I get-go learned about Orem's theory – it seemed to 'fit' into my ain philosophy not as a rigorous model but equally an a practical 'fit' into patient care – both as an intensive intendance nurse later working in home health .

References

Hartweg Donna 50. and Laureen M. Fleck, Chpter 9. Dorothea Orem's Self-Intendance Arrears Theory , Parker, Marilyn and MarlaineSmith,2010 Nursing Theories and Nursing Practice 3rd ed. FA Davis.
Khurramgill, samina palijo, shabeta . Rn BScN 1st year second Semester 2016. Dorothea Elizabeth Orem'sSelf-Care Deficit Theory of Nursing. Mail service. Faculty sir Remash kumar. New life higher of nursing
Blog - The Pivotal Role of Orem'southward Cocky-Intendance Deficit Theory.( note: St. Regis College uses Orem equally their major nursing theorist
Khurramgill op cit
Ibid
Fawcett, Jacqueline The Nurse Theorists: 21st-Century Updates—Dorothea Eastward. Orem, Nursing Science Quarterly, Vol. 14 No. i, January 2001, 34-38 © 2001 Sage Publications, Inc. Downloaded 3/31/2020
Nurselabs https://nurseslabs.com/dorothea-orems-self-care-theory/

kimpelfice1938.blogspot.com

Source: https://www.americannursinghistory.org/nursing-theorists